Japan did not shift course and tensions continued to rise. Concurrently, the United States stepped up aid to China, which did not please Japan's militarists.
In July 1941, all commercial and financial connections with Japan were cut off, Japan's assets were frozen, and an embargo was placed on petroleum and other war materials. In the summer of 1940, the United States began restricting the export of some materials to Japan that would be useful to them in war. In July 1939, the United States terminated the Treaty of Commerce and Navigation, which had stood with Japan since 1911. The United States instituted economic sanctions and trade embargoes with hopes they would keep Japan from expanding. During the following year, the United States gave its first loan to China. Japan invaded China in 1937 and subsequently participated in the Nanjing Massacre. In the 1930s, Japan expanded into China, taking over its import market, agitating the United States. Events, including a commemoration ceremony, are held at the Pearl Harbor National Memorial.Īlthough the attack on Pearl Harbor was a surprise, tensions had been building between the United States and Japan for years. On the day, flags are flown at half-staff until sunset to honor those who died from the attacks.
Subsequent Congresses and presidents have passed resolutions and issued proclamations for the day. The resolution authorized and requested the President to issue a proclamation calling upon the people of the United States "to observe this solemn occasion with appropriate ceremonies and activities" and "to pledge eternal vigilance and strong resolve to defend this Nation and its allies from all future aggression." Accordingly, President Ronald Reagan issued Proclamation 5286 on December 4, 1984. Veterans and citizens have commemorated the anniversary of the attack on Pearl Harbor since it took place, but the day became an official observance when Congress designated the day with a joint resolution on October 3, 1984. National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day remembers and honors the 2,403 citizens of the United States who lost their lives there that day. On the morning of December 7, 1941, Japan launched a surprise attack on Naval Station Pearl Harbor, located in Honolulu, Hawaii, on the island of Oahu.
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